May 25th, 2010 at 12:25pm
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G standards, with the aim to provide a wide range of data rates up to ultra-broadband (gigabit-speed) Internet access to mobile as well as stationary users.
A 4G cellular system must have target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbits/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbits/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access, according to ITU requirements. Scalable bandwidths up to at least 40 MHz should be provided. A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming services and HDYV streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
The pre-4G technology3GPP Long Term Evaluation (LTE) is often branded “4G”, but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bitrate capacity of up to 100 Mbits/s in the downlink and 50 Mbits/s in the uplink if a 20MHz channel is used – and more if Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used. Most major mobile carriers in the United States and several worldwide carriers have announced plans to convert their networks to LTE-service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo on 14th December 2009, and branded 4G. The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA).
4G Features
According to the members of the 4G working group, the infrastructure and the terminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented. Although legacy systems are in place to adopt existing users, the infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-IP). So,e proposals suggest having an open Internet platform. Technologies considered to be early 4G include : Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile version of WiMax (also known as WiBro in South Korea), and HC-SDMA.
Access Schemes
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-Carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithm and frequency domain equalization, resulting lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and traffic adaptive scheduling.
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS, OFDMA is used for the downlink.
These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
February 6th, 2010 at 9:33am
Apple has come up with a new gadget which is supposed to revolutionize the computer and mobile industry. It is a gadget which is perfect for those who do not want to carry their laptops and who feel that mobiles just can not meet their needs. Now they have the iPad from Apple.
iPad defines the beginning of an entirely new era. The touch screen iPad has amazing capabilities and you can do many things on it. It has excellent abilities to keep you connected. You can view the multimedia with support for plenty of formats both for audio, video and pictures. You get the option of connecting it using a Wi-Fi connection or a 3G.
It is light weight and you get many advanced options on it. You get a brilliant eBook reader with it. It has striking similarity with the iPod touch. Apple gives iPad the traditional Apple look. The web browsing and its capabilities to act as an eBook reader are really being appreciated. But there is something which Apple has missed. There is no camera in this lovely gadget. Many people will not consider it a major problem and they will buy the new iPad even if it does not have a camera. But there is no multitasking as well. This means that you can not switch between the running applications and you will have to close one application in order to use the other application. This is a huge drawback and this missing feature will disturb the sales a lot.
It is a smart gadget for every one who wants to stay connected on the go. You can send your emails instantly using the iPad and you can browse through your favorite media without any issues. You can also buy the eBooks from the dedicated online store using your iPad. The advanced eBook reader embedded into the iPad will allow you to read the books in their original colors and of course full colors. This means that with iPad, you are going to get the best out of your e-library. Reading your favorite magazine in full colors and in touch display is really a treat for magazine lovers.
Just like all other Apple products like iPhone and iPod, you will get a huge variety of useful applications. This has always been the huge plus that Apple has provided to its users. You will be able to download the applications from the online store.
Finally, the iPad is a great gadget but it is not a perfect replacement for anything. Without multitasking, it is not going to help throw away the notebooks. Because of other low cost full functional book readers in the market, the iPad is not going to make huge on that front as well. May be Apple needs to launch a new version of iPad within months to get the sales going.
November 21st, 2008 at 12:30pm
It is actually embarrassing to find that your cell phone battery has run off charge, while you are at any important program. Apparently, it would be good to own a phone which could offer a talk time of about 10 hours or even more. The implication is not about methanol-based batteries, just plain WATER. It could most possibly be power source for future cell phone.
Battery innovation of such kind is not a wild imagination of famous Scientists. A company has already launched this formula. These batteries are soon coming in the market to surprise the new clients and buyers. The days are very near when there will be solar charged battery. They will be able to receive energy from atmosphere which will provide necessary power for the whole day’s operation.
It is highly expected that there will be phone which will serve as the identity for every person concerned. These phones will be customized and be designed for reflecting our work or profession. Future phone is expected to be our social security number, passport, health insurance card, PAN card, credit card, Voter’s card, driving license and also ration card. One needs not to be worry about the bill or the utility payments. The phone will take care of everything thus eliminating the due date and the late fee traumas. The phone will give the payment alert. While ordering food, medicines or groceries just go through list in the phone and ticking the things listed pay instantly for the home delivery.
While phone will become the electronic equivalent of wallet, security is surely a serious concern. With future mobile phone one won’t feel vulnerable about the security. It will contain an embedded fingerprint scanner and face recognition software. It will have an eye scanner and voice sensor. The interesting matter is that all these technology matters are packed into one single attractive device into your pocket.
How nice it is to imagine our phone communicating wirelessly with the devices around us. Phone is already used as a remote control for televisions. Very soon it is expected to use it for controlling air conditioners, lights, fans, music players etc. It will also be possible controlling our office or home PC with our mobile via web. Absolutely it will be extremely useful to those people who telecommute.
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